Japan’s Policy for Global Non-Proliferation and Disarmament</t= itle> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"place"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"country-region"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"City"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceType"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceName"/>  <style>  </style>  </head> <body lang=3DJA link=3D"#0033CC" vlink=3Dpurple style=3D'tab-interval:42.0p= t; text-justify-trim:punctuation'> <div class=3DSection1 style=3D'layout-grid:17.05pt'> <st1:place = w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>̵= 7;s Policy for Global Non-Proliferation and Disarmament<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> By Takaya SUTO<o:p= ></o:p> Director<o:p></o:p= > Center for the Pro= motion of Disarmament and Non-Proliferation,<o:p></o:p> Japan Institute of International Affairs<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> Updated March 21, = 2008<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href=3D"#_ftn1" name=3D"_ftnref1" title=3D""= >※</a><o:p>= </o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> <![if !supportLists]>= 1. </spa= n><![endif]>Introduction<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 1) </sp= an><![endif]>As th= e only victim of nuclear bombs dropped in <st1:City w:st=3D"on">Hiroshima</st1:Cit= y> and <st1:City w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Nagasaki</st1:place></st1:City= >, Japanese people have strong sentiment against nuclear weapons (nuclear tabo= o or nuclear allergy).<o:p></o:p> <st1:c= ountry-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> is s= trictly observing the “Three Non-nuclear Principles”; not possessing, n= ot producing, and not permitting the introduction of nuclear weapons to <st1:c= ountry-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. = <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> i= s also refraining from exporting weapons to foreign countries. Also the use of nuc= lear energy is strictly limited to peaceful purpose by national legislation and under the IAEA safeguards.<o:p></o:p> <o:p>= </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 2) </sp= an><![endif]>Disar= mament and Non-Proliferation has special significance in <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s foreign policy.= <o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Three pillars of <st1:country-region w:st=3D= "on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s security policy= <o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>① <![endif]>Japan-US Security Arrangement<o:p></o:p></sp= an> <![if !supportLists]>② <![endif]>Minimum level of <st1:country-region w:st=3D= "on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s Self Defense Fo= rces (SDF)<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href=3D"#_ftn2" name=3D"_ftnref2" ti= tle=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>①<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a><o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>③ <![endif]>Diplomatic efforts to secure peace and stabi= lity of the international environment surrounding <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:co= untry-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p> Endeavors for global disarmament and non-proliferation are important means for the third pillar.<o:p></o:p></spa= n> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1= :country-region>̵= 7;s policy is based on both humanitarian approach (including human security) and need for ensuring security environment surrounding <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> (Calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons while depending on the <st1= :country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>̵= 7;s nuclear umbrella).<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 2. </spa= n><![endif]>Overview of the Global Non- proliferation and Disarmament Regime<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Global non-proliferation regime is facing serious challenges.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>1)&n= bsp; <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Nor= th Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p>= </o:p> &= nbsp; Declared its possession of nuclear weapons (February 2005)<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; Missile launch tests (July 2006)<o:p></o:p> = ; Nuclear test (October 2006)<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>2)&n= bsp; <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Ira= n</st1:place></st1:country-region>̵= 7;s nuclear program causing concerns in the international community<o:p></o:p><= /span> <![if !supportLists]>3)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Underground network for illegal procurement = of nuclear materials and equipments<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>4)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Threats of nuclear and other WMD terrorism<o= :p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>5)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The U.S.-India deal on civilian nuclear cooperation<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>6)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The failure of the 2005 Review Conference of= NPT (May 2005) and High-level Plenary Meeting of UN General Assembly (September 2005) in producing any consensus documents<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Basic difference among state parties in the relative emphasis to be given to nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation, and peaceful use of nuclear energy<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> <![if !supportLists]>= 3. </spa= n><![endif]>Needs for successful NPT Review Conference in 2010<o:p></o:p> NPT is in a state of crisis and faces a risk of erosion. The Review Conference = in 2010 needs to reestablish confidence in the NPT and strengthen it. There is= no realistic option to replace the NPT as a means to strengthen the internatio= nal disarmament and non-proliferation regime.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> Keys to strengthen the NPT regime<o:p></o:p><= /p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Building an internationally determined polit= ical will<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>“Three Pillars” of the NPT need = to be maintained in a balanced way.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>1)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Nuclear disarmament<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>2)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Nuclear non-proliferation<o:p></o:p><= /p> <![if !supportLists]>3)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Peaceful use of nuclear energy<o:p></o:p></s= pan> The fundamental bargain among the thr= ee pillars must be respected. The NPT does not provide a license to the NWS to maintain their nuclear weapons indefinitely, nor does the Treaty allow for = the build-up of a nuclear weapons option under cover of civil nuclear program.<= o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region> chai= red the First Preparatory Committee for the Review Conference (April 30 to May 11). Ambassador Amano did his best for a smooth and successful start of the revi= ew process.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 4. </spa= n><![endif]>Japan’s Disarmament and Non-Proliferat= ion Policy<o:p></o:p> <st1:= country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> h= as been actively making diplomatic efforts to promote nuclear disarmament through a practical and progressive approach in order to realize a peaceful and safe world free from nuclear weapons.<o:p></o:p> <st1:= place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1= :place> has continuously submitted draft resolutions on nuclear disarmament since 1= 994. The current policy of <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on= ">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place> is best envisioned in the General Assembly Resolution entitled “Renew= ed Determination towards the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons.”<a style=3D'mso-foo= tnote-id: ftn3' href=3D"#_ftn3" name=3D"_ftnref3" title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>②<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a><o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>1)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The first pillar: Nuclear disarmament<o:p></= o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Further reduction of nuclear weapons by nucl= ear weapons states<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Early entry into force of the CTBT<o:p></o:p= > = <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> p= laces great importance on the early entry into force of the CTBT. <st1:country-re= gion w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> h= as taken various initiatives to universalize the CTBT. 178 countries already signed = the CTBT, and 144 countries ratified so far. The following nine countries need = to ratify the Treaty for its entry into force: US, <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on">China</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">North Korea</st1:country-region>, <st1:coun= try-region w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Egyp= t</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Israel</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-r= egion w:st=3D"on">India</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Pak= istan</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Indonesia</st1:count= ry-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Early conclusion of an FMCT, together with t= he CTBT, is part of the package of the indefinite extension of the NPT. <st1:country= -region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> emphasizes the importance and urgency of the commencement and conclusion of= the FMCT negotiations at the Conference of Disarmament.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>2)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The second pillar: Nuclear non-proliferation= <o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Universalization of IAEA Additional Protocol= <o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><s= t1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> attaches great importan= ce to the IAEA safeguards system which reinforces the international regime for nuclear non-proliferation based on the NPT through controlling nuclear materials.<o:p></o:p> <o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><s= t1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> has been taking an impo= rtant initiative to strengthen the IAEA safeguards system, especially through universalization of the Additional Protocol.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Efforts at export control regimes (NSG, Australia Group, MTCR, Wassenaar Arrangement)<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Efforts to restrain missile activities as me= ans of delivering WMD (HCOC, etc.)<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Activities to strengthen the non-proliferati= on regime in <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Asia</st1:place><o:p></o:p> = ; e.g. ASTOP (Asian Senior-level Talks on Non-Proliferation)= , Asi= an Export Control Seminar, etc.<o:p= ></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Active participation in PSI and efforts to c= all for wider support for PSI<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st= 1:country-region w:st=3D"on">North Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place>:<o:p>= </o:p> <st1:= country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> cann= ot accept, by any means, any development, acquisition or possession, test and transfer= of nuclear weapons by <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">N= orth Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p> <o:p>= </o:p> <st1:= country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> stro= ngly urges <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">North Korea</s= t1:place></st1:country-region> to comply with all international agreements related to nuclear issues, including the NPT and IAEA safeguards agreement, and to take prompt actions= to dismantle its whole nuclear programs. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:= place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> played an active role in adopting Security Council resolutions 1695 (July 2006) and 1718 (November 2= 006).<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> Six-Party Talks:<o:p></o:p> At th= e Second Session of the Sixth Round of the Six-Party Talks in October 2007, the part= ies reached agreement on the second-phase actions for the implementation of the Joint S= tatement of September 19 of 2005. North Korea agreed to disable all existing nuclear facilities subject to abandonment under the September 2005 Joint Statement = and <a href=3D"http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/n_korea/6party/action0702.ht= ml">the Feb= ruary 13 agreement</a>, and to provide a complete and correct declaration = of all its nuclear programs in accordance with the February 13 agreement by 31 December 2007. To advance six-party’s common goal to achieve early denuclearization of the <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Korean</st1:PlaceName> <= st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">Peninsula</st1:PlaceType> in a peaceful manner, <st1:place w:st= =3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">North Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place> should implement = its commitments.<o:p></o:p> For <= st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region>, abduction cases must be resolved be= fore resuming economic aid to <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D= "on">North Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p> <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"= >Ira= n</st1:country-region></st1:place>:<o:p= ></o:p> February 2006<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; IAEA Board of Governors reported non-compliance of <st1:country-region w:st=3D"o= n"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> to the UNSC.<o:p></o:p><= /span> July 2006<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1696.<o:p></o:p> December 2006<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1737.<o:p></o:p> March 2007<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1747.<o:p></o:p> March 2008<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1803.<o:p></o:p> Japan requests Iran to take the Security Council resolutions seriously and to take all necessary actions including full cooperation with the IAEA,<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href=3D"#_ftn4" name=3D"_ftnref4" title=3D""= ><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>③<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a> the prompt ratification and full implementation of the Additional Protocol,= and to go back to a negotiating table on the basis of six countries’ prop= osal (June 2006).<o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on"= >Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region> reco= gnizes the inalienable right of all the state parties to the NPT to develop resear= ch, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. However, this r= ight has to be executed in conformity with the Articles I, II and III of the Tre= aty.<o:p></o:p> When there is non-compliance with the safeguards agreement (Article III), rectif= ying the non-compliance and building confidence are prerequisite for exercising = the right.<o:p></o:p> US-India Nuclear Deal<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>i)<![endif= ]>Pros = and cons of the deal<o:p></o:p> <Arguments for the deal><o:p></o:= p> <![if !supportLists]>① <![endif]>Strengthen the strategic partnership between <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">U.S= .</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place= ></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>② <![endif]>Strengthen the energy security.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>③ <![endif]>Promote environmental protection.<o:p></o:p></= span> <![if !supportLists]>④ <![endif]>Expand busine= ss opportunities.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>⑤ <![endif]>Strengthe= n international non-proliferation regime by engaging <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"= ><st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; <o:p></o:p> <Arguments against the deal><o:p></o:= p> <![if !supportLists]>① <![endif]>Undermines non-proliferation regime<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Recognizes <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><= st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> as an actual nuclear we= apon state.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Contradicts the NPT’s basic deal recei= ving assistance for peaceful use of nuclear energy in return for abandonment of nuclear weapons.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Rewards countries that have developed nuclear weapons under the pretext of civilian use of nuclear energy.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>May lead to an increasing recognition that nuclear weapons could enhance nation’s power.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Makes it difficult to limit nuclear cooperat= ion to other potential nuclear proliferating countries.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>May result in assisting <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> to produce more fissile materials for weapons if production of such materials = is not banned or limited. (cf. NPT Article I)<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>ii) <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region>̵= 7;s final position has not yet been decided.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Middle East</st1:place><u= >:<o:p= ></o:p> The Resolution on the <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Middle East</st1:place> of the 199= 5 NPT Review and Extension Conference called for the establishment of a zone free= of weapons of mass destruction. It is a part of the package for an indefinite extension of the NPT. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on= ">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> supports the Resolution.<o:p></o:p> No progress has been made since then. Need to make progress to achieve this objective.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>3)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The third pillar: Peaceful use of nuclear en= ergy<o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1= :country-region> oper= ates 55 nuclear reactors, providing about 30% of total electricity supply in <st1:c= ountry-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> u= nder strict IAEA safeguards.<o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on"= >Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region> also= pursues nuclear fuel cycle program with intrusive verification by the IAEA. Integra= ted safeguard has been applied to <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:= st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> since September 2004, after the IAEA has concluded that there has been no indication of diversion of nuclear materials from declared facilities, or of existence of undeclared nuclear activities or materials. <o:p></o:p>= <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Role model in the international community as= a non-nuclear weapon State successfully utilizing nuclear energy, while ensur= ing high transparency in its nuclear activities<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Contribution to international activities to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to strengthen nuclear safety and security<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href=3D"#_ftn5" name=3D"_ftnref5"= title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>④<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a><o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> is a= ctively participating in the international discussion for a multi-lateral mechanism= to guarantee supply of nuclear fuel.<o:p></o:p> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote-list'><![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1 width=3D"33%"> <![endif]> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn1> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href=3D"#_ftnref1" name=3D"_ftn1" title=3D""= >※</a> This abstract was firs= tly distributed for the Public Lecture at the Center for Strategic Research, <s= t1:City w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Tehran</st1:place></st1:City> on 11 Apri= l 2007. </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn2> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href=3D"#_ftnref2" name=3D"_ftn2" title=3D""= ><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-f= ont-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9312;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= Under the Constitution (Article 9), <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:= st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place> renounces the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1= :place></st1:country-region> is not allowed to have war potentials other than the minimum level of self-defense forces. </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn3> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn3' href=3D"#_ftnr= ef3" name=3D"_ftn3" title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;m= so-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Century;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-fon= t-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareas= t-language: JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bid= i-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9313;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= A/RES/62/37, 5 December 2007. </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn4> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href=3D"#_ftnref4" name=3D"_ftn4" title=3D""= ><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-f= ont-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9314;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= The Agency is able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in = <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:= place>. The Agency remains unable, however, to make further progress in its efforts= to verify fully the past development of <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:p= lace w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s nuclear programm= e and certain aspects relevant to its scope and nature. Hence, the Agency is unab= le to verify the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in <st1= :country-region w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:country-region> unless <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on= "><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> addresses the long outst= anding verification issues through the implementation of the Additional Protocol (which it signed on 18 December 2003, but has not yet brought into force) a= nd the required transparency measures. (Report by the Director General to the Board of Governors, 22 February 2007) </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn5> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href=3D"#_ftnr= ef5" name=3D"_ftn5" title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;m= so-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Century;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-fon= t-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareas= t-language: JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bid= i-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9315;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= Taskforce on Atoms for the Sustainable Future, Japan Institute of International Affai= rs, made a policy recommendation, entitled “Atoms for the Sustainable Fut= ure: Recommendations on Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century,” January 2008 <http://www2.jiia.or.jp/en/pdf/polcy_report/pr20080109_prop= osal.pdf>.<o:p></o:p> </div> </div> </body> </html> ------=_NextPart_01C89FD4.141A4C10 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C99C638/Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMarch2008.files/header.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" <html xmlns:v=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:st1=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dus-ascii"> <meta name=3DProgId content=3DWord.Document> <meta name=3DGenerator content=3D"Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name=3DOriginator content=3D"Microsoft Word 11"> <link id=3DMain-File rel=3DMain-File href=3D"../Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMar= ch2008.htm"> <![if IE]> <base href=3D"file:///C:\4C99C638\Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMarch2008.files\header.= htm" id=3D"webarch_temp_base_tag"> <![endif]><o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"place"= /> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"country-region"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"City"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceType"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceName"/> </head> <body lang=3DJA link=3D"#0033CC" vlink=3Dpurple> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote-separator' id=3Dfs> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1 width=3D"33%"> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote-continuation-separator' id=3Dfcs> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:endnote-separator' id=3Des> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1 width=3D"33%"> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:endnote-continuation-separator' id=3Decs> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footer' id=3Def1> <div style=3D'mso-element:frame;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-= vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'> <table cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0 hspace=3D0 vspace=3D0 align=3Dcenter> <tr> <td valign=3Dtop align=3Dleft style=3D'padding-top:0mm;padding-right:0mm; padding-bottom:0mm;padding-left:0mm'> <p class=3DMsoFooter style=3D'mso-element:frame;mso-element-wrap:around; mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margi= n; mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><!= --[if supportFields]><s= pan style=3D'mso-element:field-begin'>PAGE <![endif]--><o= :p></o:p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <o:p> </o:p> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footer' id=3Df1> <div style=3D'mso-element:frame;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-= vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'> <table cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0 hspace=3D0 vspace=3D0 align=3Dcenter> <tr> <td valign=3Dtop align=3Dleft style=3D'padding-top:0mm;padding-right:0mm; 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MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_01C89FD4.141A4C10" このドキュメントは単一ファイル Web ページ (Web アーカイブファイル) です。お使いのブラウザ、またはエディタは Web アーカイブファイルをサポートしていません。Microsoft Internet Explorer など、Web アーカイブをサポートするブラウザをダウンロードしてください。 ------=_NextPart_01C89FD4.141A4C10 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C99C638/Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMarch2008.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Japan’s Policy for Global Non-Proliferation and Disarmament</t= itle> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"place"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"country-region"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"City"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceType"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceName"/>  <style>  </style>  </head> <body lang=3DJA link=3D"#0033CC" vlink=3Dpurple style=3D'tab-interval:42.0p= t; text-justify-trim:punctuation'> <div class=3DSection1 style=3D'layout-grid:17.05pt'> <st1:place = w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>̵= 7;s Policy for Global Non-Proliferation and Disarmament<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> By Takaya SUTO<o:p= ></o:p> Director<o:p></o:p= > Center for the Pro= motion of Disarmament and Non-Proliferation,<o:p></o:p> Japan Institute of International Affairs<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> Updated March 21, = 2008<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href=3D"#_ftn1" name=3D"_ftnref1" title=3D""= >※</a><o:p>= </o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> <![if !supportLists]>= 1. </spa= n><![endif]>Introduction<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 1) </sp= an><![endif]>As th= e only victim of nuclear bombs dropped in <st1:City w:st=3D"on">Hiroshima</st1:Cit= y> and <st1:City w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Nagasaki</st1:place></st1:City= >, Japanese people have strong sentiment against nuclear weapons (nuclear tabo= o or nuclear allergy).<o:p></o:p> <st1:c= ountry-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> is s= trictly observing the “Three Non-nuclear Principles”; not possessing, n= ot producing, and not permitting the introduction of nuclear weapons to <st1:c= ountry-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. = <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> i= s also refraining from exporting weapons to foreign countries. Also the use of nuc= lear energy is strictly limited to peaceful purpose by national legislation and under the IAEA safeguards.<o:p></o:p> <o:p>= </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 2) </sp= an><![endif]>Disar= mament and Non-Proliferation has special significance in <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s foreign policy.= <o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Three pillars of <st1:country-region w:st=3D= "on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s security policy= <o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>① <![endif]>Japan-US Security Arrangement<o:p></o:p></sp= an> <![if !supportLists]>② <![endif]>Minimum level of <st1:country-region w:st=3D= "on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s Self Defense Fo= rces (SDF)<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href=3D"#_ftn2" name=3D"_ftnref2" ti= tle=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>①<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a><o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>③ <![endif]>Diplomatic efforts to secure peace and stabi= lity of the international environment surrounding <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:co= untry-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p> Endeavors for global disarmament and non-proliferation are important means for the third pillar.<o:p></o:p></spa= n> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1= :country-region>̵= 7;s policy is based on both humanitarian approach (including human security) and need for ensuring security environment surrounding <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> (Calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons while depending on the <st1= :country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>̵= 7;s nuclear umbrella).<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 2. </spa= n><![endif]>Overview of the Global Non- proliferation and Disarmament Regime<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Global non-proliferation regime is facing serious challenges.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>1)&n= bsp; <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Nor= th Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p>= </o:p> &= nbsp; Declared its possession of nuclear weapons (February 2005)<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; Missile launch tests (July 2006)<o:p></o:p> = ; Nuclear test (October 2006)<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>2)&n= bsp; <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Ira= n</st1:place></st1:country-region>̵= 7;s nuclear program causing concerns in the international community<o:p></o:p><= /span> <![if !supportLists]>3)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Underground network for illegal procurement = of nuclear materials and equipments<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>4)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Threats of nuclear and other WMD terrorism<o= :p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>5)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The U.S.-India deal on civilian nuclear cooperation<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>6)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The failure of the 2005 Review Conference of= NPT (May 2005) and High-level Plenary Meeting of UN General Assembly (September 2005) in producing any consensus documents<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Basic difference among state parties in the relative emphasis to be given to nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation, and peaceful use of nuclear energy<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p><= /span> <![if !supportLists]>= 3. </spa= n><![endif]>Needs for successful NPT Review Conference in 2010<o:p></o:p> NPT is in a state of crisis and faces a risk of erosion. The Review Conference = in 2010 needs to reestablish confidence in the NPT and strengthen it. There is= no realistic option to replace the NPT as a means to strengthen the internatio= nal disarmament and non-proliferation regime.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> Keys to strengthen the NPT regime<o:p></o:p><= /p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Building an internationally determined polit= ical will<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>“Three Pillars” of the NPT need = to be maintained in a balanced way.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>1)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Nuclear disarmament<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>2)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Nuclear non-proliferation<o:p></o:p><= /p> <![if !supportLists]>3)&n= bsp; <![endif]>Peaceful use of nuclear energy<o:p></o:p></s= pan> The fundamental bargain among the thr= ee pillars must be respected. The NPT does not provide a license to the NWS to maintain their nuclear weapons indefinitely, nor does the Treaty allow for = the build-up of a nuclear weapons option under cover of civil nuclear program.<= o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region> chai= red the First Preparatory Committee for the Review Conference (April 30 to May 11). Ambassador Amano did his best for a smooth and successful start of the revi= ew process.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>= 4. </spa= n><![endif]>Japan’s Disarmament and Non-Proliferat= ion Policy<o:p></o:p> <st1:= country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> h= as been actively making diplomatic efforts to promote nuclear disarmament through a practical and progressive approach in order to realize a peaceful and safe world free from nuclear weapons.<o:p></o:p> <st1:= place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1= :place> has continuously submitted draft resolutions on nuclear disarmament since 1= 994. The current policy of <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on= ">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place> is best envisioned in the General Assembly Resolution entitled “Renew= ed Determination towards the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons.”<a style=3D'mso-foo= tnote-id: ftn3' href=3D"#_ftn3" name=3D"_ftnref3" title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>②<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a><o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>1)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The first pillar: Nuclear disarmament<o:p></= o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Further reduction of nuclear weapons by nucl= ear weapons states<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Early entry into force of the CTBT<o:p></o:p= > = <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> p= laces great importance on the early entry into force of the CTBT. <st1:country-re= gion w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> h= as taken various initiatives to universalize the CTBT. 178 countries already signed = the CTBT, and 144 countries ratified so far. The following nine countries need = to ratify the Treaty for its entry into force: US, <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on">China</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">North Korea</st1:country-region>, <st1:coun= try-region w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Egyp= t</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Israel</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-r= egion w:st=3D"on">India</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Pak= istan</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Indonesia</st1:count= ry-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Early conclusion of an FMCT, together with t= he CTBT, is part of the package of the indefinite extension of the NPT. <st1:country= -region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> emphasizes the importance and urgency of the commencement and conclusion of= the FMCT negotiations at the Conference of Disarmament.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>2)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The second pillar: Nuclear non-proliferation= <o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Universalization of IAEA Additional Protocol= <o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><s= t1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> attaches great importan= ce to the IAEA safeguards system which reinforces the international regime for nuclear non-proliferation based on the NPT through controlling nuclear materials.<o:p></o:p> <o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><s= t1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> has been taking an impo= rtant initiative to strengthen the IAEA safeguards system, especially through universalization of the Additional Protocol.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Efforts at export control regimes (NSG, Australia Group, MTCR, Wassenaar Arrangement)<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Efforts to restrain missile activities as me= ans of delivering WMD (HCOC, etc.)<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Activities to strengthen the non-proliferati= on regime in <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Asia</st1:place><o:p></o:p> = ; e.g. ASTOP (Asian Senior-level Talks on Non-Proliferation)= , Asi= an Export Control Seminar, etc.<o:p= ></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Active participation in PSI and efforts to c= all for wider support for PSI<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st= 1:country-region w:st=3D"on">North Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place>:<o:p>= </o:p> <st1:= country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> cann= ot accept, by any means, any development, acquisition or possession, test and transfer= of nuclear weapons by <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">N= orth Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p> <o:p>= </o:p> <st1:= country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region> stro= ngly urges <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">North Korea</s= t1:place></st1:country-region> to comply with all international agreements related to nuclear issues, including the NPT and IAEA safeguards agreement, and to take prompt actions= to dismantle its whole nuclear programs. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:= place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> played an active role in adopting Security Council resolutions 1695 (July 2006) and 1718 (November 2= 006).<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> Six-Party Talks:<o:p></o:p> At th= e Second Session of the Sixth Round of the Six-Party Talks in October 2007, the part= ies reached agreement on the second-phase actions for the implementation of the Joint S= tatement of September 19 of 2005. North Korea agreed to disable all existing nuclear facilities subject to abandonment under the September 2005 Joint Statement = and <a href=3D"http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/n_korea/6party/action0702.ht= ml">the Feb= ruary 13 agreement</a>, and to provide a complete and correct declaration = of all its nuclear programs in accordance with the February 13 agreement by 31 December 2007. To advance six-party’s common goal to achieve early denuclearization of the <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Korean</st1:PlaceName> <= st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">Peninsula</st1:PlaceType> in a peaceful manner, <st1:place w:st= =3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">North Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place> should implement = its commitments.<o:p></o:p> For <= st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region>, abduction cases must be resolved be= fore resuming economic aid to <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D= "on">North Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p> <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"= >Ira= n</st1:country-region></st1:place>:<o:p= ></o:p> February 2006<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; IAEA Board of Governors reported non-compliance of <st1:country-region w:st=3D"o= n"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> to the UNSC.<o:p></o:p><= /span> July 2006<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1696.<o:p></o:p> December 2006<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1737.<o:p></o:p> March 2007<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1747.<o:p></o:p> March 2008<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; UNSC adopted resolution 1803.<o:p></o:p> Japan requests Iran to take the Security Council resolutions seriously and to take all necessary actions including full cooperation with the IAEA,<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href=3D"#_ftn4" name=3D"_ftnref4" title=3D""= ><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>③<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a> the prompt ratification and full implementation of the Additional Protocol,= and to go back to a negotiating table on the basis of six countries’ prop= osal (June 2006).<o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on"= >Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region> reco= gnizes the inalienable right of all the state parties to the NPT to develop resear= ch, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. However, this r= ight has to be executed in conformity with the Articles I, II and III of the Tre= aty.<o:p></o:p> When there is non-compliance with the safeguards agreement (Article III), rectif= ying the non-compliance and building confidence are prerequisite for exercising = the right.<o:p></o:p> US-India Nuclear Deal<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>i)<![endif= ]>Pros = and cons of the deal<o:p></o:p> <Arguments for the deal><o:p></o:= p> <![if !supportLists]>① <![endif]>Strengthen the strategic partnership between <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">U.S= .</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place= ></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>② <![endif]>Strengthen the energy security.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>③ <![endif]>Promote environmental protection.<o:p></o:p></= span> <![if !supportLists]>④ <![endif]>Expand busine= ss opportunities.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>⑤ <![endif]>Strengthe= n international non-proliferation regime by engaging <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"= ><st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p> &= nbsp; <o:p></o:p> <Arguments against the deal><o:p></o:= p> <![if !supportLists]>① <![endif]>Undermines non-proliferation regime<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Recognizes <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><= st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> as an actual nuclear we= apon state.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Contradicts the NPT’s basic deal recei= ving assistance for peaceful use of nuclear energy in return for abandonment of nuclear weapons.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Rewards countries that have developed nuclear weapons under the pretext of civilian use of nuclear energy.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>May lead to an increasing recognition that nuclear weapons could enhance nation’s power.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>Makes it difficult to limit nuclear cooperat= ion to other potential nuclear proliferating countries.<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>・ <![endif]>May result in assisting <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> to produce more fissile materials for weapons if production of such materials = is not banned or limited. (cf. NPT Article I)<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>ii) <![endif]><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w= :st=3D"on">Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region>̵= 7;s final position has not yet been decided.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Middle East</st1:place><u= >:<o:p= ></o:p> The Resolution on the <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Middle East</st1:place> of the 199= 5 NPT Review and Extension Conference called for the establishment of a zone free= of weapons of mass destruction. It is a part of the package for an indefinite extension of the NPT. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on= ">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> supports the Resolution.<o:p></o:p> No progress has been made since then. Need to make progress to achieve this objective.<o:p></o:p> <o:p> </o:p> <![if !supportLists]>3)&n= bsp; <![endif]>The third pillar: Peaceful use of nuclear en= ergy<o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1= :country-region> oper= ates 55 nuclear reactors, providing about 30% of total electricity supply in <st1:c= ountry-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> u= nder strict IAEA safeguards.<o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on"= >Jap= an</st1:place></st1:country-region> also= pursues nuclear fuel cycle program with intrusive verification by the IAEA. Integra= ted safeguard has been applied to <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:= st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> since September 2004, after the IAEA has concluded that there has been no indication of diversion of nuclear materials from declared facilities, or of existence of undeclared nuclear activities or materials. <o:p></o:p>= <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Role model in the international community as= a non-nuclear weapon State successfully utilizing nuclear energy, while ensur= ing high transparency in its nuclear activities<o:p></o:p> <![if !supportLists]>l <![endif]>Contribution to international activities to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to strengthen nuclear safety and security<a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href=3D"#_ftn5" name=3D"_ftnref5"= title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-kerning:1.0p= t; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<= /span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:"Ti= mes New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Rom= an"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>④<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-siz= e:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-font-= kerning: 1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-= SA'>]<![endif]></a><o:p></o:p> <st1:country-region w:st= =3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> is a= ctively participating in the international discussion for a multi-lateral mechanism= to guarantee supply of nuclear fuel.<o:p></o:p> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote-list'><![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1 width=3D"33%"> <![endif]> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn1> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href=3D"#_ftnref1" name=3D"_ftn1" title=3D""= >※</a> This abstract was firs= tly distributed for the Public Lecture at the Center for Strategic Research, <s= t1:City w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Tehran</st1:place></st1:City> on 11 Apri= l 2007. </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn2> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href=3D"#_ftnref2" name=3D"_ftn2" title=3D""= ><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-f= ont-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9312;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= Under the Constitution (Article 9), <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:= st=3D"on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place> renounces the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Japan</st1= :place></st1:country-region> is not allowed to have war potentials other than the minimum level of self-defense forces. </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn3> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn3' href=3D"#_ftnr= ef3" name=3D"_ftn3" title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;m= so-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Century;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-fon= t-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareas= t-language: JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bid= i-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9313;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= A/RES/62/37, 5 December 2007. </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn4> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href=3D"#_ftnref4" name=3D"_ftn4" title=3D""= ><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-f= ont-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9314;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= The Agency is able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in = <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:= place>. The Agency remains unable, however, to make further progress in its efforts= to verify fully the past development of <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:p= lace w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s nuclear programm= e and certain aspects relevant to its scope and nature. Hence, the Agency is unab= le to verify the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in <st1= :country-region w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:country-region> unless <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on= "><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> addresses the long outst= anding verification issues through the implementation of the Additional Protocol (which it signed on 18 December 2003, but has not yet brought into force) a= nd the required transparency measures. (Report by the Director General to the Board of Governors, 22 February 2007) </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote' id=3Dftn5> <a style=3D'mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href=3D"#_ftnr= ef5" name=3D"_ftn5" title=3D""><![if !supportFootnotes]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;m= so-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Century;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-fon= t-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareas= t-language: JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[<span style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bid= i-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Century;mso-hansi-font= -family: Century;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>&#= 9315;<span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-famil= y:Century; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>]<![endif]></a>= Taskforce on Atoms for the Sustainable Future, Japan Institute of International Affai= rs, made a policy recommendation, entitled “Atoms for the Sustainable Fut= ure: Recommendations on Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century,” January 2008 <http://www2.jiia.or.jp/en/pdf/polcy_report/pr20080109_prop= osal.pdf>.<o:p></o:p> </div> </div> </body> </html> ------=_NextPart_01C89FD4.141A4C10 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C99C638/Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMarch2008.files/header.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" <html xmlns:v=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:st1=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dus-ascii"> <meta name=3DProgId content=3DWord.Document> <meta name=3DGenerator content=3D"Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name=3DOriginator content=3D"Microsoft Word 11"> <link id=3DMain-File rel=3DMain-File href=3D"../Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMar= ch2008.htm"> <![if IE]> <base href=3D"file:///C:\4C99C638\Iran_speech_SUTO_updatedMarch2008.files\header.= htm" id=3D"webarch_temp_base_tag"> <![endif]><o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"place"= /> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"country-region"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"City"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceType"/> <o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceName"/> </head> <body lang=3DJA link=3D"#0033CC" vlink=3Dpurple> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote-separator' id=3Dfs> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1 width=3D"33%"> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footnote-continuation-separator' id=3Dfcs> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:endnote-separator' id=3Des> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1 width=3D"33%"> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:endnote-continuation-separator' id=3Decs> <![if !supportFootnotes]> <hr align=3Dleft size=3D1> <![endif]> </div> <div style=3D'mso-element:footer' id=3Def1> <div style=3D'mso-element:frame;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-= vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center; 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